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Death tolls from major non-religious wars
Non-religious wars account for most of history's deadliest conflicts, particularly in the 20th century.
World War II (1939–1945): 50 to 85 million deaths, the deadliest conflict in human history. The conflict was primarily driven by political ideologies like fascism and expansionist nationalism.
World War I (1914–1918): Over 15 million deaths, spurred by factors including rising nationalism, imperialism, and complex alliance systems.
Stalin's Reign of Terror (1923–1954): In the Soviet Union, democide (state-sponsored killing) under the anti-religious regime caused 38–55 million deaths.
Mao Zedong's Regime: The communist government of China was responsible for 44.5–77 million deaths through policies like the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.
Mongol Conquests (13th century): Driven by territorial expansion, these conquests killed tens of millions of people.
Death tolls from major religious wars
While deadly, major conflicts with a primary religious motivation pale in comparison to the largest non-religious wars.
Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864): Though infused with Christian ideology by its leader, this was a civil war with complex motives that resulted in 20–70 million deaths.
Thirty Years' War (1618–1648): A brutal conflict in Europe involving both religious and political motives, causing 4–8 million deaths. The war was fought between Protestant and Catholic states but also involved major non-religious political alliances.
The Crusades (1095–1291): These series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims in the Middle East are estimated to have caused 1–3 million deaths.
Historiographical perspective
Many historians caution against assigning simple motivations like "religion" to complex events.
A widely cited analysis of the Encyclopedia of Wars found that out of 1,763 conflicts throughout history, only 123 (less than 7%) had religion as their primary cause.
Many of the deadliest atrocities of the 20th century were driven by political ideologies such as communism and fascism, not religion.
Some scholars argue that equating institutional religion with violence overlooks the devastating cruelty perpetrated by secular institutions, especially in the 20th century.