The examples are rather thin on the ground, I'll give you that. Hart taking over from Given at City is one of them: Sczneznznzny at Arsenal taking over from Almunia is probably another. However, as I said before, we aren't getting a new Lloris in the transfer market when he leaves, not unless we're in the CL at the time or some world-class GK decides to take a chance on us again, so we should at least try to implement that system and see how it goes: worst comes to worst, we'll struggle goalkeeping wise for a season, but if we can pull it off, we'll have replaced Lloris with a capable understudy for a lower fee than we would have spent securing a player of similiar stature on the open market, and without the possibility of immediate failure that comes with signing a player like that (see Gomes, Heurelho). Either way, there's risk involved, but we haven't tried the former approach while we've been whacking away consistently at the latter, so why not give it a go?
I agree, players who would come here and sit on the bench for a couple of seasons or more waiting for their chance are also somewhat thin on the ground. However, they're far from impossible to find. Jack Butland, tipped to be England's next goalkeeper, has spent the majority of his Stoke career so far kicking his heels on the bench watching Begovic playing instead of him. You've already mentioned Courtois (although that model does seem expensive), and Brad Guzan at Villa further proves that there are young goalkeepers out there willing to learn their trade behind a regular keeper for more than just a season before slotting in to replace said main keeper. And honestly, if we went for someone like Karl Darlow from Nottingham Forest or Alex McCarthy from Reading (just homegrown examples, for the sake of argument) would they really consider themselves prestigious enough to demand a move away from Spurs after just a season or so? Especially if we promised them first-team footie (or a chance at establishing themselves as our first choice) when Lloris leaves?